What is CRUD?

Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD) are the four basic functions that models should be able to do, at most.

Create, Read, Update, Delete

When we are building APIs, we want our models to provide four basic types of functionality. The model must be able to Create, Read, Update, and Delete resources. Computer scientists often refer to these functions by the acronym CRUD. A model should have the ability to perform at most these four functions in order to be complete. If an action cannot be described by one of these four operations, then it should potentially be a model of its own.

The CRUD paradigm is common in constructing web applications, because it provides a memorable framework for reminding developers of how to construct full, usable models. For example, let’s imagine a system to keep track of library books. In this hypothetical library database, we can imagine that there would be a books resource, which would store book objects. Let’s say that the book object looks like this:

"book": {
  "id": <Integer>,
  "title": <String>,
  "author": <String>,
  "isbn": <Integer>
}

To make this library system usable, we would want to make sure there were clear mechanisms for completing the CRUD operations:

Create — This would consist of a function which we would call when a new library book is being added to the catalog. The program calling the function would supply the values for "title", "author", and "isbn". After this function is called, there should be a new entry in the books resource corresponding to this new book. Additionally, the new entry is assigned a unique id, which can be used to access this resource later.

Read — This would consist of a function which would be called to see all of the books currently in the catalog. This function call would not alter the books in the catalog — it would simply retrieve the resource and display the results. We would also have a function to retrieve a single book, for which we could supply the title, author, or ISBN. Again, this book would not be modified, only retrieved.

Update — There should be a function to call when information about a book must be changed. The program calling the function would supply the new values for "title", "author", and "isbn". After the function call, the corresponding entry in the books resource would contain the new fields supplied.

Delete — There should be a function to call to remove a library book from the catalog. The program calling the function would supply one or more values ("title", "author", and/or "isbn") to identify the book, and then this book would be removed from the books resource. After this function is called, the books resource should contain all of the books it had before, except for the one just deleted.

CRUD and REST

In a REST environment, CRUD often corresponds to the HTTP methods POST, GET, PUT, and DELETE, respectively. These are the fundamental elements of a persistent storage system.

Throughout the rest of the article, we will recommend standards and response codes that are typically followed by developers when creating RESTful applications. Conventions may differ so feel free to experiment with different return values and codes as you become comfortable with the CRUD paradigm.

Imagine we are working with a system that is keeping track of meals and their corresponding prices for a restaurant. Let’s look at how we would implement CRUD operations.

Create

To create resources in a REST environment, we most commonly use the HTTP POST method. POST creates a new resource of the specified resource type.

For example, let’s imagine that we are adding a new food item to the stored list of dishes for this restaurant, and the dish objects are stored in a dishes resource. If we wanted to create the new item, we would use a POST request:

Request:

POST http://www.myrestaurant.com/dishes/

Body -

{
  "dish": {
    "name": "Avocado Toast",
    "price": 8
  }
}

This creates a new item with a name value of "Avocado Toast" and a price value of 8. Upon successful creation, the server should return a header with a link to the newly-created resource, along with a HTTP response code of 201 (CREATED).

Response:

Status Code - 201 (CREATED)

Body -

{
  "dish": {
    "id": 1223,
    "name": "Avocado Toast",
    "price": 8
  }
}

From this response, we see that the dish with name “Avocado Toast” and price 8 has been successfully created and added to the dishes resource.

Read

To read resources in a REST environment, we use the GET method. Reading a resource should never change any information — it should only retrieve it. If you call GET on the same information 10 times in a row, you should get the same response on the first call that you get on the last call.

GET can be used to read an entire list of items:

Request:

GET http://www.myrestaurant.com/dishes/

Response: Status Code - 200 (OK)

Body -

{
  "dishes": [
    {
      "id": 1,
      "name": "Spring Rolls",
      "price": 6
    },
    {
      "id": 2,
      "name": "Mozzarella Sticks",
      "price": 7
    },
    ...
    {
      "id": 1223,
      "name": "Avocado Toast",
      "price": 8
    },
    {
      "id": 1224,
      "name": "Muesli and Yogurt",
      "price": 5
    }
  ]
}

GET requests can also be used to read a specific item, when its id is specified in the request:

Request:

GET http://www.myrestaurant.com/dishes/1223

Response: Status Code - 200 (OK)

Body -

{
  "id": 1223,
  "name": "Avocado Toast",
  "price": 8
}

After this request, no information has been changed in the database. The item with id 1223 has been retrieved from the dishes resource, and not modified. When there are no errors, GET will return the HTML or JSON of the desired resource, along with a 200 (OK) response code. If there is an error, it most often will return a 404 (NOT FOUND) response code.

Update

PUT is the HTTP method used for the CRUD operation, Update.

For example, if the price of Avocado Toast has gone up, we should go into the database and update that information. We can do this with a PUT request.

Request:

PUT http://www.myrestaurant.com/dishes/1223

Body -

{
  "dish": {
    "name": "Avocado Toast",
    "price": 10
  }
}

This request should change the item with id 1223 to have the attributes supplied in the request body. This dish with id 1223 should now still have the name “Avocado Toast”, but the price value should now be 10, whereas before it was 8.

Response: Status Code - 200 (OK)

Body -

{
  "dish": {
    "name": "Avocado Toast",
    "price": 10
  }
}

The response includes a Status Code of 200 (OK) to signify that the operation was successful. Optionally, the response could use a Status Code of 204 (NO CONTENT) and not include a response body. This decision depends on the context.

Delete

The CRUD operation Delete corresponds to the HTTP method DELETE. It is used to remove a resource from the system.

Let’s say that the world avocado shortage has reached a critical point, and we can no longer afford to serve this modern delicacy at all. We should go into the database and delete the item that corresponds to “Avocado Toast”, which we know has an id of 1223.

Request:

DELETE http://www.myrestaurant.com/dishes/1223

Such a call, if successful, returns a response code of 204 (NO CONTENT), with no response body. The dishes resource should no longer contain the dish object with id 1223.

Response: Status Code - 204 (NO CONTENT)

Body - None

Calling GET on the dishes resource after this DELETE call would return the original list of dishes with the {"id": 1223, "name": "Avocado Toast", "price": 10} entry removed. All other dish objects in the dishes resource should remain unchanged. If we tried to call a GET on the item with id 1223, which we just deleted, we would receive a 404 (NOT FOUND) response code and the state of the system should remain unchanged.

Calling DELETE on a resource that does not exist should not change the state of the system. The call should return a 404 response code (NOT FOUND) and do nothing.

CRUD Practice

The functions to Create, Read, Update, and Delete resources are fundamental components of a usable storage model. You have now seen a couple of examples for how the CRUD paradigm can help us design systems. Now, try to use CRUD to list out routes for a new example model. Imagine we are trying to design a system that keeps track of workout classes, including the name of each class, who teaches it, and the duration of the class. An example class object would look like:

{
  "class": {
    "id": 1    
    "name": "Pure Strength",
    "trainer": "Bicep Bob",
    "duration": 1.5
   }
}

All of the classes are stored in a classes resource at www.musclecademy.com/classes.

For each CRUD operation, write out answers to the following questions:

  • What routes would you need to implement to provide your workout class model with this CRUD functionality and what are their corresponding HTTP verbs?
  • What effect would each route have on the database?
  • What response body would each route return?
  • What response code would each route return?

CRUD Practice Answers

  1. Create

    Route: POST /classes

    Effect on Database: Adds the class provided in the request body to the database

    Response Body: { "class": The Newly-Created Class }

    Success Response Code: 201

  2. Read (All Classes)

    Route: GET /classes

    Effect on Database: None

    Response Body: { "classes": [ Array of All Saved Classess ] }

    Success Response Code: 200

  3. Read (One Class)

    Route: GET /classes/:id

    Effect on Database: None

    Response Body: { "class": The class with the specified ID }

    Success Response Code: 200

  4. Update

    Route: PUT /classes/:id

    Effect on Database: Updates the class with the specified ID to have the class information provided in the request body

    Response Body: { "class": The updated class now saved in the database }

    Success Response Code: 200

  5. Delete

    Route: DELETE /classes/:id

    Effect on Database: Removes the class with the specified ID from the database

    Response Body: None

    Success Response Code: 204

As you get more practice with designing storage systems, incorporating CRUD operations into your models will become easier and easier.

Author

Codecademy Team

'The Codecademy Team, composed of experienced educators and tech experts, is dedicated to making tech skills accessible to all. We empower learners worldwide with expert-reviewed content that develops and enhances the technical skills needed to advance and succeed in their careers.'

Meet the full team