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Learn how to use the <script> element as the glue between HTML and Javascript.

The Script Element

When the HTML parser comes across a `<script>` element, it stops to load its content. Once loaded, the JavaScript code is executed and the HTML parser proceeds to parse the next element in the file. This can result in a slow load time for your website. HTML4 introduced the defer and async attributes of the `<script>` element to address the user wait-time in the website based on different scenarios. 

The _defer attribute_ specifies scripts should be executed after the HTML file is completely parsed. When the HTML parser encounters a `<script>` element with the `defer` attribute, it loads the script but defers the actual execution of the JavaScript until after it finishes parsing the rest of the elements in the HTML file.

Here is an example of the `defer` tag:

```html
<script src="example.js" defer></script> 
```

When is `defer` useful?

When a script contains functionality that requires interaction with the DOM, the `defer` attribute is the way to go. This way, it ensures that the entire HTML file has been parsed before the script is executed. 

Defer attribute

Let’s review. 

+ HTML creates the skeleton of a webpage, but JavaScript introduces interactivity

+ The `<script>` element has an opening and closing tag. You can embed JavaScript code inbetween the opening and closing `<script>` tags. 

+ You link to external JavaScript files with the **src** attribute in the opening `<script>` tag.

+ By default, scripts are loaded and executed as soon as the HTML parser encounters them in the HTML file, the HTML parser waits to load the entire script before from proceeding to parse the rest of the page elements. 

+ The `defer` attribute ensures that the entire HTML file has been parsed before the script is executed. 

+ The `async` attribute will allow the _HTML parser_ to continue parsing as the script is being downloaded, but will execute immediately after it has been downloaded. 

The old convention was to put scripts right before the `</body>` tag to prevent the script from blocking the rest of the HTML content. Now, the convention is to put the script tag in the `<head>` element and to use the `defer` and `async` attributes.



Review

The `<script>` element allows you to add JavaScript code inside an HTML file. Below, the `<script>` element embeds valid JavaScript code:
```html
<h1>This is an embedded JS example</h1>
<script>
  function Hello() {
    alert ('Hello World');
  }
</script>
```
</br>

Frankly, without the `<script>` tag, websites would be unclickable and a bit boring.


The `<script>` element, like most elements in _HTML_, has an opening and closing angle bracket. The closing tag marks the end of the content inside of the `<script>` element. Just like the `<style>` tag used to _embed_ CSS code, you use the `<script>` tag to _embed_ valid JavaScript code.

The <script> tag

Since you know how to use a `<script>` element with embedded code, let's talk about linking code. Linking code is preferable because of a programming concept called Separation of Concerns (SoC). Instead of having messy code that is all in the same file, web developers separate their code into different files, making each “concern” easier to understand and more convenient when changes must be made. 

For this exercise, instead of writing JavaScript in our HTML file, we are going to write it in its own file, and then reference this code with a _file path name_. We will do this using an attribute that may jog your memory: the `src` attribute!

If this seems familiar, that's because you may have been linking to external files with the `<img>` and `<link>` elements. The attribute is exactly the same, but now its value specifies the location of your script file.

If the file is in the same project folder, the `src` value will be a _relative path_ name. Below is an example of providing a relative path for a JavaScript file. 

```js
<script src="./exampleScript.js"></script>
```

The `<script>` above would look for a file called **exampleScript.js** that is in the same folder/directory as our **index.html** file.

If you must refer to JavaScript hosted externally, or in a [CDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/CDN), you can also link to that file location. 





The src attribute

A quick recap: the `<script>` element allows HTML files to load and execute JavaScript. The JavaScript can either go embedded inside of the `<script>` tag or the script tag can reference an external file. Before we dive deeper, let’s take a moment to talk about how browsers parse HTML files into web pages. This informs where to include a `<script>` element inside your HTML file.

Browsers come equipped with _HTML parsers_ that help browsers render the elements accordingly. Elements, including the `<script>` element, are by default, parsed in the order they appear in the HTML file. When the _HTML parser_ encounters a `<script>` element, it loads the script then executes its contents before parsing the rest of the HTML. The two main points to note here are that:

+ The _HTML parser_ does NOT process the next element in the HTML file until it loads and executes the `<script>` element, thus leading to a delay in load time and resulting in a poor user experience.
+ Additionally, scripts are loaded sequentially, so if one script depends on another script, they should be placed in that very order inside the HTML file.

The GIF below displays two scripts being loaded. The first script makes a `Watering Can` appear, the second script makes a `Flower` appear. This shows how scripts are loaded sequentially, and how they pause the _HTML parser_, which is why "Blooming" appears at the end. 
<img src="https://content.codecademy.com/courses/script/ScriptNoAttribute.gif" alt="Image showing a flower bloom" width="400">

How are scripts loaded?

The `async` attribute loads and executes the script asynchronously with the rest of the webpage. This means that, similar to the `defer` attribute, the HTML parser will continue parsing the rest of the HTML as the script is downloaded in the background. However, with the `async` attribute, the script will not wait until the entire page is parsed: it will execute immediately after it has been downloaded. Here is an example of the `async` tag:

```html
<script src="example.js" async></script>
```

When is it useful?

`async` is useful for scripts that are independent of other scripts in order to function accordingly. Thus, if it does not matter exactly at which point the script file is executed, asynchronous loading is the most suitable option as it optimizes web page load time. 


Async attribute

HTML defines the structure of a web page by using page elements as the building blocks. However, HTML by itself can not produce web page interactivity, that's where JavaScript comes in.

Below, we see a post-it with a typical stick figure on it. We can think of this as the HTML, with the head, body, and limbs as the elements on the page:

<img src="https://content.codecademy.com/courses/script/Javascript_stick_figure.png">


In web development, CSS provides the style to our HTML structure. Below, the stick figure is now dressed in a nice tuxedo:

<img src="https://content.codecademy.com/courses/script/Javascript_stick_figure_2.png">


If HTML and CSS provide structure and style in this analogy, JavaScript provides interactivity, allowing our stick figure to move. Below, the stick figure moves, swaying up and down, thanks to JavaScript:

<img src="https://content.codecademy.com/courses/script/stick_figure_v2.gif">

Web programmers use JavaScript to make web pages dynamic and interactive. This powerful scripting language is encapsulated in its own HTML element: the `<script>` element. You can think of this `<script>` element as the door to JavaScript for HTML. This lesson will dig deeper into what the  `<script>` element can do for your websites and best practices on how and where to insert JavaScript in your HTML files.