Almost every computer in the world is now connected to a network. The Linux shell makes it easy to communicate with content on the Internet from the command line, and for the user to check on important network status information. In this exercise, we will introduce a few tools that you may find useful.
Interacting with Files Hosted Online
Let’s start simple: how do we access files from the Internet in the command line? There are two commands that allow us to do just that: curl and wget. Either command lets us establish a connection with a server. We can also use them to download the file at the destination.
displays the contents of the file at the URL in terminal.
The option -o or -output combined with a desired name
lets us write the contents of the online file to the filename! For example, curl -O "https://www.google.com" --output frontpage.html will download the HTML file of the Google homepage to a local file called frontpage.html.
There are more commands if we type curl --help or wget --help. As always, you can also use the man command to read about the commands.
Checking Network Connectivity
How can we check whether two devices connected to the same network can communicate with one another? Simple! We use a command called ping, short for Packet INternet Groper. The command
sends packets to the target host and waits for replies. If the ping command returns with a failure, that means the target is unreachable.
DNS Resolution
What if we wanted to find out the IP address for any given domain name or vice versa? This process is known as DNS lookup or DNS resolution and the host command lets us do exactly that. The basic syntax for the host command is: host <domain or IP>.
For example, the command host google.com will generate the following output:
Network Interface Status
The ifconfig command, or interface configurator, is one of the network inspection commands available on Linux. Running it will display IP addresses, MAC addresses, and some more relevant details.
These commands are really useful if you work with networks specifically! If you’d like to learn more about networks, check out our Introduction to Network Basics lesson.
As always, we recommend using man or info for more detail on these commands as we are barely skimming the surface of what these commands can do!
Instructions
Use wget to download Codecademy’s homepage, www.codecademy.com.
Use curl to download the file from the URL, https://static-assets.codecademy.com/Courses/learn-linux/secret-file.txt.
Use the host command to look up the IP address for the domain codecademy.com
Use the ping command to ping one of the IP addresses you found from the last checkpoint.
Note: Make sure to interrupt ping with CTRL / CMD + C, otherwise it runs indefinitely. Alternatively, we can specify how many packets we wish to send using the -c option.
Run the ifconfig command and observe the result.
On the left, you will see all the available network interfaces, including virtual network interfaces. For each interface, you will see:
HWaddr: MAC address of the ethernet interfaceinet: IPv4 address assigned to the interfaceinet6: IPv6 address assigned to the interfaceMTU: Maximum transmission unit