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Learn how to edit the appearance of text on your web pages.

Typography

Great job! You learned how to style an important aspect of the user experience&mdash;typography. 

Let's review what you've learned so far:

* *Typography* is the art of arranging text on a page.
* Text can appear bold or thin with the `font-weight` property.
* Text can appear in italics with the `font-style` property.
* The vertical spacing between lines of text can be modified with the `line-height` property.
* *Serif* fonts have extra details on the ends of each letter. *Sans-Serif* fonts do not.
* *Fallback fonts* are used when a certain font is not installed on a user's computer.
* The `word-spacing` property changes how far apart individual words are.
* The `letter-spacing` property changes how far apart individual letters are. 
* The `text-align` property changes the horizontal alignment of text. 
* Google Fonts provides free fonts that can be used in an HTML file with the `<link>` tag or the `@font-face` property.
* Local fonts can be added to a document with the `@font-face` property and the path to the font's source.

Using your new knowledge of CSS typography, feel free to edit the code further to make the web page more appealing!

Review

You've learned how text can be defined by font family, weight, style, and transformations. Now you'll learn about some ways text can be displayed or laid out within the element's container.

##### Letter Spacing
The `letter-spacing` property is used to set the horizontal spacing between the individual characters in an element. It's not common to set the spacing between letters, but it can sometimes help the readability of certain fonts or styles. The `letter-spacing` property takes length values in units, such as `2px` or `0.5em`.

```css
p {
  letter-spacing: 2px;
}
```

In the example above, each character in the paragraph element will be separated by 2 pixels. 

##### Word Spacing
You can set the space between words with the `word-spacing` property. It’s also not common to increase the spacing between words, but it may help enhance the readability of bolded or enlarged text. The `word-spacing` property also takes length values in units, such as `3px` or `0.2em`.

```css
h1 {
  word-spacing: 0.3em;
}
```

In the example above, the word spacing is set to `0.3em`. For word spacing, using `em` values are recommended because the spacing can be set based on the size of the font. 

##### Line Height
![diagram of line height property](https://content.codecademy.com/courses/updated_images/htmlcss1-diagram__leading_updated_1-01.svg)

We can use the `line-height` property to set how tall we want each line containing our text to be. Line height values can be a unitless number, such as `1.2`, or a length value, such as `12px`, `5%` or `2em`. 

```css
p {
  line-height: 1.4;
}
```

In the example above, the height between lines is set to `1.4`. Generally, the unitless value is preferred since it is responsive based on the current font size. In other words, if the `line-height` is specified by a unitless number, changing the font size will automatically readjust the line height.

##### Text Alignment
The `text-align` property, which you may already be familiar with from the [CSS Visual Rules lesson](https://www.codecademy.com/courses/learn-css/lessons/css-visual-rules/exercises/text-align), aligns text to its parent element.

```css
h1 {
  text-align: right;
}
```
In the example above, the `<h1>` element is aligned to the right side, instead of the default left.

Text Layout

Online font services, like [Google Fonts](https://fonts.google.com/), make it easy to find and link to fonts from your site. You can browse and select fonts that match the style of your website.

![Google Fonts Roboto Styles Page](https://static-assets.codecademy.com/Courses/Learn-CSS/Typography/google-fonts-styles-page.png)

When you select a font in Google Fonts, you'll be shown all of the different styles available for that particular font. You can then select the styles you want to use on your site.

![Showing Selected Font Families](https://static-assets.codecademy.com/Courses/Learn-CSS/Typography/google-fonts-font-families.png) 

When you're done selecting a font and its styles, you can review your selected font family, and a `<link>` element will be automatically generated for you to use on your site!

```html
<head>
  
  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@100&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
```
The generated `<link>` element needs to be added to the `<head>` element in your HTML document for it to be ready to be used in your CSS.

```css
p {
  font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
}
```
You can then create `font-family` declarations in your CSS, just like how you learned to do with other fonts!

Web Fonts Using <link>

Previously, we learned about web safe fonts, a group of fonts supported across browsers and operating systems. However, the fonts you can use for your website are limitless&mdash;*web fonts* allow you to express your unique style through a multitude of different fonts found on the web.

Free font services, like [Google Fonts](https://fonts.google.com/) and [Adobe Fonts](https://fonts.adobe.com), host fonts that you can link to from your HTML document with a provided `<link>` element.

You can also use fonts from paid font distributors like [fonts.com](https://www.fonts.com/) by downloading and hosting them with the rest of your site's files. You can create a `@font-face` ruleset in your CSS stylesheet to link to the relative path of the font file. 

Both techniques for including web fonts into your site allow you to go beyond the sometimes "traditional" appearance of web safe fonts. In the next two exercises, you'll learn exactly how to use each of these techniques!

Web Fonts

Fonts can also be added using a [`@font-face` ruleset](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face) in your CSS stylesheet instead of using a `<link>` element in your HTML document.
As mentioned earlier, fonts can be downloaded just like any other file on the web. They come in a few different file formats, such as:
*  OTF (OpenType Font)
*  TTF (TrueType Font)
*  WOFF (Web Open Font Format)
*  WOFF2 (Web Open Font Format 2)

The different formats are a progression of standards for how fonts will work with different browsers, with WOFF2 being the most progressive. It's a good idea to include TTF, WOFF, and WOFF2 formats with your `@font-face` rule to ensure compatibility on all browsers.

Let's take a look at how to use `@font-face` using the same Roboto font as before:

![Google Fonts Download](https://static-assets.codecademy.com/Courses/Learn-CSS/Typography/google-fonts-download.png)  

Within the "Selected Families" section, you can use the "Download" button to download the font files to your computer. The files will be downloaded in a single format, in this case, TTF. You can use additional tools to generate additional file types for WOFF and WOFF2, check out [MDN's list of font generators](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts#generating_the_required_code) for more information.  

When you have the files you need, move them to a folder inside your website's working directory, and you're ready to use them in a `@font-face` ruleset!

```css
@font-face {
  font-family: 'MyParagraphFont';
  src: url('fonts/Roboto.woff2') format('woff2'),
       url('fonts/Roboto.woff') format('woff'),
       url('fonts/Roboto.ttf') format('truetype');
}
```

Let's take a look at the example above, line by line:
* The `@font-face` at-rule is used as the selector. It's recommended to define the `@font-face` ruleset at the top of your CSS stylesheet.
* Inside the declaration block, the `font-family` property is used to set a custom name for the downloaded font. The name can be anything you choose, but it must be surrounded by quotation marks. In the example, the font is named `'MyParagraphFont'`, as this font will be used for all paragraphs.
* The `src` property contains three values, each specifying the relative path to the font file and its format. In this example, the font files are stored inside a folder named `fonts` within the working directory.
* Note that the ordering for the different formats is important because our browser will start from the top of the list and search until it finds a font format that it supports. Read more on format prioritization on [CSS-Tricks](https://css-tricks.com/snippets/css/using-font-face-in-css/).

Once the `@font-face` at-rule is defined, you can use the font in your stylesheet!

```css
p {
  font-family: 'MyParagraphFont', sans-serif;
}
```

Like using any other fonts, you can use the `font-family` property to set the font on any HTML element. The downloaded font can be referenced with the name you provided as the `font-family` property's value in the `@font-face` ruleset&mdash;in this case, `'MyParagraphFont'`. 

Web Fonts Using @font-face

Text can also be styled to appear in either all uppercase or lowercase with the `text-transform` property. 

```css
h1 {
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
```

The code in the example above formats all `<h1>` elements to appear in `uppercase`, regardless of the case used for the heading within the HTML code. Alternatively, the `lowercase` value could be used to format text in all lowercase.

Since text can be directly typed in all uppercase or lowercase within an HTML file, what is the point of a CSS rule that allows you to format [letter case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case)? 

Depending on the type of content a web page displays, it may make sense to always style a specific element in all uppercase or lowercase letters. For example, a website that reports breaking news may decide to format all `<h1>` heading elements such that they always appear in all uppercase, as in the example above. It would also avoid uppercase text in the HTML file, which could make code difficult to read.

Text Transformation

You may remember from the [Visual Rules](https://www.codecademy.com/content-items/1368d1ea90382cbe44b60eeac19e9573/exercises/font-family) lesson that the font of an element can be changed using the `font-family` property.

```css
h1 {
  font-family: Arial;
}
```

In the example above, the font family for all `<h1>` heading elements have been set to Arial. 

Let's talk about some things to keep in mind when setting `font-family` values.

##### Multi-Word Values
When specifying a typeface with multiple words, like Times New Roman, it is recommended to use quotation marks (`' '`) to group the words together, like so:

```css
h1 {
  font-family: 'Times New Roman';
}
```

##### Web Safe Fonts
There is a selection of fonts that will appear the same across all browsers and operating systems. These fonts are referred to as _web safe fonts_. You can check out a complete list of web safe fonts [here](https://www.cssfontstack.com/).

##### Fallback Fonts and Font Stacks
Web safe fonts are good _fallback fonts_ that can be used if your preferred font is not available.

```css
h1 {
  font-family: Caslon, Georgia, 'Times New Roman';
}
```

In the example above, Georgia and Times New Roman are fallback fonts to Caslon. When you specify a group of fonts, you have what is known as a _font stack_. A font stack usually contains a list of similar-looking fonts. Here, the browser will first try to use the Caslon font. If that's not available, it will try to use a similar font, Georgia. And if Georgia is not available, it will try to use Times New Roman.

##### Serif and Sans-Serif
You may be wondering what features make a font similar to another font. The fonts Caslon, Georgia, and Times New Roman are *Serif* fonts. Serif fonts have extra details on the ends of each letter, as opposed to *Sans-Serif* fonts, which do not have the extra details.

![Serif and Sans-Serif fonts](https://content.codecademy.com/courses/web-101/htmlcss1-diagram__fontanatomy.svg)

`serif` and `sans-serif` are also keyword values that can be added as a final fallback font if nothing else in the font stack is available.

```css
h1 {
  font-family: Caslon, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
}
```

In this final example, the font stack has 4 fonts. If the first 3 fonts aren't available, the browser will use whatever serif font is available on the system.

Font Family

In this lesson, we'll focus on *typography*, the art of arranging text on a page. We'll look at:

* How to style and transform fonts.
* How to lay text out on a page.
* and how to add external fonts to your web pages. 

Some of the most important information a user will see on a web page will be textual. Styling text to make page content accessible and engaging can significantly improve user experience. Let's begin!

In CSS, the `font-weight` property controls how bold or thin text appears. It can be specified with keywords or numerical values.

#### Keyword Values
The `font-weight` property can take any one of these keyword values:
* `bold`: Bold font weight.
* `normal`: Normal font weight. This is the default value.
* `lighter`: One font weight lighter than the element's parent value.
* `bolder`: One font weight bolder than the element's parent value

#### Numerical Values
Numerical values can range from 1 (lightest) to 1000 (boldest), but it is common practice to use increments of 100. A font weight of `400` is equal to the keyword value `normal`, and a font weight of `700` is equal to `bold`.

```css
.left-section {
  font-weight: 700;
}

.right-section {
  font-weight: bold; 
}
```

In the example above, text in elements of both `.left-section` and `.right-section` classes will appear bold.

It’s important to note that not all fonts can be assigned a numeric font weight, and not all numeric font weights are available to all fonts. It's a good practice to look up the font you are using to see which `font-weight` values are available.

Font Weight

You can also italicize text with the `font-style` property.

```css
h3 {
  font-style: italic;
}
```

The `italic` value causes text to appear in italics. The `font-style` property also has a `normal` value which is the default.