Now that we know how to write simple programs, let's learn how to write more complex programs that can respond to user input.

Control Flow in Ruby

Comparators aren't the only operators available to you in Ruby. You can also use **logical** or **boolean operators**. Ruby has three: and (`&&`), or (`||`), and not (`!`). Boolean operators result in boolean values: `true` or `false`.

The boolean operator **and**, `&&`, only results in `true` when **both** expression on either side of `&&` are `true`. Here's how `&&` works:
```rb
true && true # => true
true && false # => false
false && true # => false
false && false # => false
 ```

For example, `1 < 2 && 2 < 3` is `true` because it's true that one is less than two **and** that two is less than three.

What if you want more than two options, though? It's `elsif` to the rescue! The `elsif` statement can add any number of alternatives to an `if`/`else` statement, like so:
```rb
if x < y  # Assumes x and y are defined
  puts "x is less than y!"
elsif x > y
  puts "x is greater than y!"
else
  puts "x equals y!"
end
```

Elsif

Now let's review comparators / relational operators. We've turned the tables a bit!

Remember, comparators need to compare two values to each other to result in `true` or `false`

```rb
10 > 8 # true
8 > 10 # false
8 == 10 # false
8 != 10 # true
```

Dare to Compare

Ruby's `if` statement takes an **expression**, which is just a fancy word for something that has a value that evaluates to either `true` or `false`. If that expression is `true`, Ruby executes the block of code that follows the `if`. If it's not true (that is, `false`), Ruby doesn't execute that block of code: it skips it and goes on to the next thing.

Here's an example of an `if` statement in action:
```rb
if 1 < 2
  print "I'm getting printed because one is less than two!"
end
```
Ruby doesn't care about **whitespace** (spaces and blank lines), so the indentation of the print statement isn't *necessary*. However, it's a convention that Rubyists (Ruby enthusiasts) follow, so it's good to get in the habit now. The block of code following an `if` should be indented two spaces.

When you're done with your `if`, you have to tell Ruby by typing `end`.

Great work! So far you've learned:

* How to use `if`, `else`, and `elsif`
* How to use comparators / relational operators like `==`, `!=`, `<`, `<=`, `>`, and `>=`
* How to use boolean / logical operators like `&&`, `||`, and `!`

Nice Work!

Home stretch! Let's go over boolean operators. 

```rb
( 1 == 1 ) && ( 2 == 2 )  # true
( 1 == 2 ) || ( 2 == 2 ) # true
!( false ) # true
```

1. With `&&` both comparisons on the left and right must evaluate to `true` for the entire statement to return `true`. If the left side does not return `true` it will not bother trying the right side
2. With `||` either the right or left side must evaluate to `true`. If the left side evaluates to `true`, the right side will not be tried because it has met the condition of one side being `true`.
3. With `!` you reverse the result. If you're `false` you're now `true`. if you're `true` you're now `false`! Just think of it as opposite day!

Billions of Booleans

In Ruby, we assign values to variables using `=`, the **assignment operator**. But if we've already used `=` for assignment, how do we check to see if two things are equal? Well, we use `==`, which is a **comparator** (also called a **relational operator**). `==` means "is equal to." When you type
```rb
x = 2
y = 2
if x == y
  print "x and y are equal!"
end
```
you're saying: "if x equals y, print 'x and y are equal!'" You can also check to see if two values are *not* equal using the `!=` comparator.

Equal or Not?

You can combine boolean operators in your expressions. Combinations like
```rb
(x && (y || w)) && z
```
are not only legal expressions, but are extremely useful tools for your programs.

These expressions may take some getting used to, but you can always use parentheses to control the order of evaluation. Expressions in parentheses are always evaluated before anything outside parentheses.

Combining Boolean Operators

All right! You're all on your lonesome. (Well, not *quite*. We'll just leave this example here.)

```rb
a = 10
b = 11
if a < b
  print "a is less than b!"
elsif b < a
  print "b is less than a!"
else
  print "b is equal to a!"
end
```

If, Else, and Elsif

The partner to the `if` statement is the `else` statement. An `if`/`else` statement says to Ruby: "If this expression is true, run this code block; otherwise, run the code after the `else` statement." Here's an example:
```rb
if 1 > 2
  print "I won't get printed because one is less than two."
else
  print "That means I'll get printed!"
end
```

Else

Ruby also has the **or** operator (`||`). Ruby's `||` is called an **inclusive or** because it evaluates to `true` when one or the other *or both* expressions are true. Check it out:
```rb
true || true # => true
true || false # => true
false || true # => true
false || false # => false
```

Sometimes you want to use control flow to check if something is *false*, rather than if it's true. You could reverse your `if`/`else`, but Ruby will do you one better: it will let you use an `unless` statement.

Let's say you don't want to eat *unless* you're hungry. That is, while you're not hungry, you write programs, but if you *are* hungry, you eat. You might write that program in Ruby like this:
```rb
unless hungry
  # Write some sweet programs
else
  # Have some noms
end
```

Unless

Great work so far! You know what they say: practice makes perfect. Let's try a few more comparators to make sure you've got the hang of this.

Practice Makes Perfect

We can also check to see if one value is less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to another. Those operators look like this:

* Less than: `<`
* Less than or equal to: `<=`
* Greater than: `>`
* Greater than or equal to: `>=`


Less Than or Greater Than

Finally, Ruby has the boolean operator **not** (`!`). `!` makes `true` values `false`, and vice-versa.
```rb
!true # => false
!false # => true
```

Good! Now let's review the `unless` statement.

```rb
problem = false
print "Good to go!" unless problem
```
Remember, this is basically a short hand `if` statement. It will do whatever you ask `unless` the condition is `true`. In our example, `problem` is `false`, so we don't have a problem. We print `Good to go!`

You may have noticed that the kinds of programs we've written so far in Ruby aren't very flexible. Sure, they can take user input, but they always produce the same result based on that input; they don't change their behavior in reaction to the **environment** (the collection of all variables and their values that exist in the program at a given time).

**Control flow** gives us the flexibility we're looking for. We can select different outcomes depending on information the user types, the result of a computation, or the value returned by another part of the program.