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You already know a little bit about arrays. This lesson will teach you more about arrays, about a new data structure called a hash, and how Ruby can iterate over both to help you build better programs.

Data Structures

Remember when we covered [loops and iterators](https://www.codecademy.com/en/courses/learn-ruby/lessons/loops--iterators/exercises/the-while-loop)? We could use a whole bunch of different methods for looping in a program. When we loop over an array or a hash, we say that we *iterate* over it.

We'll be using the `.each` iterator to iterate over arrays and hashes in this section. Take a look at the code in the editor to see one example of how we might go about this.

(Re)Introduction to Iteration

Great work! You've learned a lot in this lesson. Let's do a little review to be sure you really know your stuff.

Multidimensional Arrays

See how a two-dimensional array with the same number of elements per row and overall rows is a square? An array (like a line) is one-dimensional; an array of arrays (like a square) is two-dimensional.

Create Your Own

Earlier we saw that an array can be used to store a list of values in a single variable. You can stuff any number of numbers in there, you can repeat numbers, and they don't have to be in numeric order!

Creating Arrays

Here's something interesting about arrays: each element in the array has what's called an *index*. The first element is at index `0`, the next is at index `1`, the following is at index `2`, and so on. We can access elements of the array directly through these numbers using brackets, like so:

```rb
array = [5, 7, 9, 2, 0]
array[2]
# returns "9", since "9"
# is at index 2
```
The diagram below shows how these indices work for our sample array, `[5, 7, 9, 2, 0]`. The first element has index `0`, the next has `1`, the next has `2`, and so on.

```
        +---+---+---+---+---+
array   | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 0 |
        +---+---+---+---+---+
index     0   1   2   3   4
```

(This is a bit of an oversimplification, but it gets the idea across for now).

We can access the `i`th element of an array called `array` by putting the index in square brackets, like so: `array[i]`. `array[0]` gets the first element, `array[1]` gets the second element, and so on. This is called *access by index*.

Access by Index

You might be asking yourself: "If I can put anything in an array, can I make an array of arrays?" The answer is: yes!

Check out the array of arrays we have in the editor. Arrays of arrays are called *multidimensional* arrays, since the act of adding more arrays expands the array out of its string-like shape. For instance, the array in the editor is a two-dimensional array.

Arrays of Arrays

When iterating over hashes, we need two placeholder variables to represent each key/value pair.

```rb
restaurant_menu = {
  "noodles" => 4,
  "soup" => 3,
  "salad" => 2
}

restaurant_menu.each do |item, price|
  puts "#{item}: #{price}"
end
```
1. In the example above, we create a new hash called `restaurant_menu`.
2. Then, we loop through the `restaurant_menu` hash and assign the key to `item` and the value to `price` for each iteration.
3. Finally, we `puts` out:

```
noodles: 4
soup: 3
salad: 2
```

Iterating Over Hashes

Iterating over arrays is easier than it looks. 

```rb
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers.each { |element| puts element }
```

1. In the example above, we create an array called `numbers` with 5 elements.
2. Then we say, "Take this array and for each element, print it to the console." As usual, we can use any placeholder name for the bit between two `| |` characters.

Iterating Over Arrays

What we just showed you was hash *literal notation*. We call it that because you literally describe what you want in the hash: you give it a name and you set it equal to one or more `key => value` pairs inside curly braces.

You can also create a hash using `Hash.new`, like so:
```rb
my_hash = Hash.new
```
Setting a variable equal to `Hash.new` creates a new, empty hash; it's the same as setting the variable equal to empty curly braces (`{}`).

Using Hash.new

We know that arrays are indexed with numbers that start with 0 and go up to the array's length minus one. (Think about it: an array with four elements has the indices 0, 1, 2, and 3.)

But what if we want to use numeric indices that don't go in order from 0 to the end of the array? What if we don't want to use numbers as indices at all? We'll need a new array structure called a *hash*.

Hashes are sort of like JavaScript objects or Python dictionaries. If you haven't studied those languages, all you need to know that a hash is a collection of *key-value pairs*. Hash syntax looks like this:

```rb
hash = {
  key1 => value1,
  key2 => value2,
  key3 => value3
}
```

Values are assigned to keys using `=>`. You can use any Ruby object for a key or value.

Introduction to Hashes

Here's something you might not have known: you can make an array of any collection of Ruby objects. You can make an array of booleans! An array of strings! The possibilities are (almost) endless.

Arrays of Non-Numbers

Now let's see how to iterate over a multidimensional array.

We've created a 2-D array, `s` (for "sandwiches"). We want to iterate over `s` in such a way that we don't print out each element as an array, like `["ham", "swiss"]`, but each element within each sub-array, so we get a list of all the meats and cheeses within `s`.

If we just wanted to access `"swiss"`, we could type
```rb
s[0][1]
```
Meaning, "bring me the second element of the first element," which is "swiss." If we iterate over a regular array using
```rb
array.each { |element| action }
```
then how might we iterate over an array of arrays?

Iterating Over Multidimensional Arrays

You can access values in a hash just like an array.

```rb
pets = {
  "Stevie" => "cat",
  "Bowser" => "hamster",
  "Kevin Sorbo" => "fish"
}

puts pets["Stevie"]
# will print "cat"
```

1. In the example above, we create a hash called `pets`.
2. Then we print `cat` by accessing the key `"Stevie"` in the `pets` hash.

Accessing Hash Values

We can add to a hash two ways: if we created it using literal notation, we can simply add a new key-value pair directly between the curly braces. If we used `Hash.new`, we can add to the hash using bracket notation:

```rb
pets = Hash.new
pets["Stevie"] = "cat"
# Adds the key "Stevie" with the
# value "cat" to the hash
```

Adding to a Hash

We've done a fair amount of iteration over arrays, so to finish up, let's review how to iterate over a hash.

```rb
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers.each { |element| puts element }
```

Iterating Over a Hash

Good! Now let's create a hash. Feel free to use either hash literal notation or `Hash.new`.

```rb
prices = { 
  "apple" => 0.52,
  "banana" => 0.23,
  "kiwi" => 1.42
}

sounds = Hash.new
sounds["dog"] = "woof"
sounds["cat"] = "meow"
```