In this lesson, you'll learn how random forests try to improve on some of the shortcomings of decision trees. 

Random Forests

We've seen that decision trees can be powerful supervised machine learning models. However, they're not without their weaknesses &mdash; decision trees are often prone to overfitting.

We've discussed some strategies to minimize this problem, like pruning, but sometimes that isn't enough. We need to find another way to generalize our trees. This is where the concept of a _random forest_ comes in handy.

A _random forest_ is an ensemble machine learning technique &mdash; a random forest contains many decision trees that all work together to classify new points. When a random forest is asked to classify a new point, the random forest gives that point to each of the decision trees. Each of those trees reports their classification and the random forest returns the most popular classification. It's like every tree gets a vote, and the most popular classification wins.

Some of the trees in the random forest may be overfit, but by making the prediction based on a large number of trees, overfitting will have less of an impact.

In this lesson, we'll learn how the trees in a random forest get created.

Random Forest

We're now able to create a random forest, but how accurate is it compared to a single decision tree? To answer this question we've split our data into a training set and test set. By building our models using the training set and testing on every data point in the test set, we can calculate the accuracy of both a single decision tree and a random forest.

We've given you code that calculates the accuracy of a single tree. This tree was made without using any of the bagging techniques we just learned. We created the tree by using every row from the training set once and considered every feature when splitting the data rather than a random subset.

Let's also calculate the accuracy of a random forest and see how it compares!

Test Set

You now have the ability to make a random forest using your own decision trees. However, `scikit-learn` has a `RandomForestClassifier` class that will do all of this work for you! `RandomForestClassifier` is in the `sklearn.ensemble` module. 

`RandomForestClassifier` works almost identically to `DecisionTreeClassifier` &mdash; the `.fit()`, `.predict()`, and `.score()` methods work in the exact same way.

When creating a `RandomForestClassifier`, you can choose how many trees to include in the random forest by using the `n_estimators` parameter like this:

```py
classifier = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators = 100)
```

We now have a very powerful machine learning model that is fairly resistant to overfitting!


Random Forest in Scikit-learn

We're now making trees based on different random subsets of our initial dataset. But we can continue to add variety to the ways our trees are created by changing the features that we use. 

Recall that for our car data set, the original features were the following:
* The price of the car
* The cost of maintenance
* The number of doors
* The number of people the car can hold
* The size of the trunk
* The safety rating

Right now when we create a decision tree, we look at every one of those features and choose to split the data based on the feature that produces the most information gain. We could change how the tree is created by only allowing a subset of those features to be considered at each split.

For example, when finding which feature to split the data on the first time, we might randomly choose to only consider the price of the car, the number of doors, and the safety rating. 

After splitting the data on the best feature from that subset, we'll likely want to split again. For this next split, we'll randomly select three features again to consider. This time those features might be the cost of maintenance, the number of doors, and the size of the trunk. We'll continue this process until the tree is complete.

One question to consider is how to choose the number of features to randomly select. Why did we choose `3` in this example? A good rule of thumb is to randomly select the square root of the total number of features. Our car dataset doesn't have a lot of features, so in this example, it's difficult to follow this rule. But if we had a dataset with `25` features, we'd want to randomly select `5` features to consider at every split point.

Bagging Features

Nice work! Here are some of the major takeaways about random forests:
* A random forest is an ensemble machine learning model. It makes a classification by aggregating the classifications of many decision trees.
* Random forests are used to avoid overfitting. By aggregating the classification of multiple trees, having overfitted trees in a random forest is less impactful.
* Every decision tree in a random forest is created by using a different subset of data points from the training set. Those data points are chosen at random _with replacement_, which means a single data point can be chosen more than once. This process is known as _bagging_.
* When creating a tree in a random forest, a randomly selected subset of features are considered as candidates for the best splitting feature. If your dataset has `n` features, it is common practice to randomly select the square root of `n` features.


Review

You might be wondering how the trees in the random forest get created. After all, right now, our algorithm for creating a decision tree is deterministic &mdash; given a training set, the same tree will be made every time. 

Random forests create different trees using a process known as _bagging_. Every time a decision tree is made, it is created using a different subset of the points in the training set. For example, if our training set had `1000` rows in it, we could make a decision tree by picking `100` of those rows at random to build the tree.  This way, every tree is different, but all trees will still be created from a portion of the training data.

One thing to note is that when we're randomly selecting these `100` rows, we're doing so _with replacement_. Picture putting all `100` rows in a bag and reaching in and grabbing one row at random. After writing down what row we picked, we put that row back in our bag.

This means that when we're picking our `100` random rows, we could pick the same row more than once. In fact, it's very unlikely, but all `100` randomly picked rows could all be the same row!

Because we're picking these rows with replacement, there's no need to shrink our bagged training set from `1000` rows to `100`. We can pick `1000` rows at random, and because we can get the same row more than once, we'll still end up with a unique data set.

Let's implement bagging! We'll be using the data set of cars that we used in our decision tree lesson.

Bagging

Now that we can make different decision trees, it's time to plant a whole forest! Let's say we make different `8` trees using bagging and feature bagging. We can now take a new unlabeled point, give that point to each tree in the forest, and count the number of times different labels are predicted. 

The trees give us their votes and the label that is predicted most often will be our final classification! For example, if we gave our random forest of 8 trees a new data point, we might get the following results:

```py
["vgood", "vgood", "good", "vgood", "acc", "vgood", "good", "vgood"]

```
Since the most commonly predicted classification was `"vgood"`, this would be the random forest's final classification.

Let's write some code that can classify an unlabeled point!