console.log()The console.log() method is used to log or print messages to the console. It can also be used to print objects and other info.
console.log('Hi there!');// Prints: Hi there!
JavaScript is a programming language that powers the dynamic behavior on most websites. Alongside HTML and CSS, it is a core technology that makes the web run.
Methods return information about an object, and are called by appending an instance with a period ., the method name, and parentheses.
// Returns a number between 0 and 1Math.random();
Libraries contain methods that can be called by appending the library name with a period ., the method name, and a set of parentheses.
Math.random();// ☝️ Math is the library
Numbers are a primitive data type. They include the set of all integers and floating point numbers.
let amount = 6;let price = 4.99;
.lengthThe .length property of a string returns the number of characters that make up the string.
let message = 'good nite';console.log(message.length);// Prints: 9console.log('howdy'.length);// Prints: 5
When a new piece of data is introduced into a JavaScript program, the program keeps track of it in an instance of that data type. An instance is an individual case of a data type.
Booleans are a primitive data type. They can be either true or false.
let lateToWork = true;
Math.random()The Math.random() function returns a floating-point, random number in the range from 0 (inclusive) up to but not including 1.
console.log(Math.random());// Prints: 0 - 0.9
Math.floor()The Math.floor() function returns the largest integer less than or equal to the given number.
console.log(Math.floor(5.95));// Prints: 5
In JavaScript, single-line comments are created with two consecutive forward slashes //.
// This line will denote a comment
Null is a primitive data type. It represents the intentional absence of value. In code, it is represented as null.
let x = null;
Strings are a primitive data type. They are any grouping of characters (letters, spaces, numbers, or symbols) surrounded by single quotes ' or double quotes ".
let single = 'Wheres my bandit hat?';let double = "Wheres my bandit hat?";
JavaScript supports arithmetic operators for:
+ addition- subtraction* multiplication/ division% modulo// Addition5 + 5// Subtraction10 - 5// Multiplication5 * 10// Division10 / 5// Modulo10 % 5
In JavaScript, multi-line comments are created by surrounding the lines with /* at the beginning and */ at the end. Comments are good ways for a variety of reasons like explaining a code block or indicating some hints, etc.
/*The below configuration must bechanged before deployment.*/let baseUrl = 'localhost/taxwebapp/country';
The remainder operator, sometimes called modulo, returns the number that remains after the right-hand number divides into the left-hand number as many times as it evenly can.
// calculates # of weeks in a year, rounds down to nearest integerconst weeksInYear = Math.floor(365/7);// calcuates the number of days left over after 365 is divded by 7const daysLeftOver = 365 % 7 ;console.log("A year has " + weeksInYear + " weeks and " + daysLeftOver + " days");
An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand. Here are some of them:
+= addition assignment-= subtraction assignment*= multiplication assignment/= division assignmentlet number = 100;// Both statements will add 10number = number + 10;number += 10;console.log(number);// Prints: 120
String interpolation is the process of evaluating string literals containing one or more placeholders (expressions, variables, etc).
It can be performed using template literals: text ${expression} text.
let age = 7;// String concatenation'Tommy is ' + age + ' years old.';// String interpolation`Tommy is ${age} years old.`;
Variables are used whenever there’s a need to store a piece of data. A variable contains data that can be used in the program elsewhere. Using variables also ensures code re-usability since it can be used to replace the same value in multiple places.
const currency = '$';let userIncome = 85000;console.log(currency + userIncome + ' is more than the average income.');// Prints: $85000 is more than the average income.
undefined is a primitive JavaScript value that represents lack of defined value. Variables that are declared but not initialized to a value will have the value undefined.
var a;console.log(a);// Prints: undefined
A variable is a container for data that is stored in computer memory. It is referenced by a descriptive name that a programmer can call to assign a specific value and retrieve it.
// examples of variableslet name = "Tammy";const found = false;var age = 3;console.log(name, found, age);// Tammy, false, 3
To declare a variable in JavaScript, any of these three keywords can be used along with a variable name:
var is used in pre-ES6 versions of JavaScript.let is the preferred way to declare a variable when it can be reassigned.const is the preferred way to declare a variable with a constant value.var age;let weight;const numberOfFingers = 20;
Template literals are strings that allow embedded expressions, ${expression}. While regular strings use single ' or double " quotes, template literals use backticks instead.
let name = "Codecademy";console.log(`Hello, ${name}`);// Prints: Hello, Codecademyconsole.log(`Billy is ${6+8} years old.`);// Prints: Billy is 14 years old.
let Keywordlet creates a local variable in JavaScript & can be re-assigned. Initialization during the declaration of a let variable is optional. A let variable will contain undefined if nothing is assigned to it.
let count;console.log(count); // Prints: undefinedcount = 10;console.log(count); // Prints: 10
const KeywordA constant variable can be declared using the keyword const. It must have an assignment. Any attempt of re-assigning a const variable will result in JavaScript runtime error.
const numberOfColumns = 4;numberOfColumns = 8;// TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.
In JavaScript, multiple strings can be concatenated together using the + operator. In the example, multiple strings and variables containing string values have been concatenated. After execution of the code block, the displayText variable will contain the concatenated string.
let service = 'credit card';let month = 'May 30th';let displayText = 'Your ' + service + ' bill is due on ' + month + '.';console.log(displayText);// Prints: Your credit card bill is due on May 30th.