The public and private keywords
In Java, the keywords public and private define the access of classes, instance variables, constructors, and methods.
private restricts access to only the class that declared the structure, while public allows for access from any class.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a technique used to keep implementation details hidden from other classes. Its aim is to create small bundles of logic.
The private Keyword
In Java, instance variables are encapsulated by using the private keyword. This prevents other classes from directly accessing these variables.
public class CheckingAccount{
// Three private instance variables
private String name;
private int balance;
private String id;
}Accessor Methods
In Java, accessor methods return the value of a private variable. This gives other classes access to that value stored in that variable. without having direct access to the variable itself.
Accessor methods take no parameters and have a return type that matches the type of the variable they are accessing.
public class CheckingAccount{
private int balance;
//An accessor method
public int getBalance(){
return this.balance;
}
}Mutator Methods
In Java, mutator methods reset the value of a private variable. This gives other classes the ability to modify the value stored in that variable without having direct access to the variable itself.
Mutator methods take one parameter whose type matches the type of the variable it is modifying. Mutator methods usually don’t return anything.
public class CheckingAccount{
private int balance;
//A mutator method
public void setBalance(int newBalance){
this.balance = newBalance;
}
}Local Variables
In Java, local variables can only be used within the scope that they were defined in. This scope is often defined by a set of curly brackets. Variables can’t be used outside of those brackets.
public void exampleMethod(int exampleVariable){
// exampleVariable can only be used inside these curly brackets.
}The this Keyword with Variables
In Java, the this keyword can be used to designate the difference between instance variables and local variables. Variables with this. reference an instance variable.
public class Dog{
public String name;
public void speak(String name){
// Prints the instance variable named name
System.out.println(this.name);
// Prints the local variable named name
System.out.println(name);
}
}The this Keyword with Methods
In Java, the this keyword can be used to call methods when writing classes.
public class ExampleClass{
public void exampleMethodOne(){
System.out.println("Hello");
}
public void exampleMethodTwo(){
//Calling a method using this.
this.exampleMethodOne();
System.out.println("There");
}
}The static Keyword
Static methods and variables are declared as static by using the static keyword upon declaration.
public class ATM{
// Static variables
public static int totalMoney = 0;
public static int numATMs = 0;
// A static method
public static void averageMoney(){
System.out.println(totalMoney / numATMs);
}Static Methods and Variables
Static methods and variables are associated with the class as a whole, not objects of the class. Both are used by using the name of the class followed by the . operator.
public class ATM{
// Static variables
public static int totalMoney = 0;
public static int numATMs = 0;
// A static method
public static void averageMoney(){
System.out.println(totalMoney / numATMs);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
//Accessing a static variable
System.out.println("Total number of ATMs: " + ATM.numATMs);
// Calling a static method
ATM.averageMoney();
}
}Static Methods with Instance Variables
Static methods cannot access or change the values of instance variables.
class ATM{
// Static variables
public static int totalMoney = 0;
public static int numATMs = 0;
public int money = 1;
// A static method
public static void averageMoney(){
// Can not use this.money here because a static method can't access instance variables
}
}Methods with Static Variables
Both non-static and static methods can access or change the values of static variables.
class ATM{
// Static variables
public static int totalMoney = 0;
public static int numATMs = 0;
public int money = 1;
// A static method interacting with a static variable
public static void staticMethod(){
totalMoney += 1;
}
// A non-static method interactingwith a static variable
public void nonStaticMethod(){
totalMoney += 1;
}
}Static Methods and the this Keyword
Static methods do not have a this reference and are therefore unable to use the class’s instance variables or call non-static methods.
public class DemoClass{
public int demoVariable = 5;
public void demoNonStaticMethod(){
}
public static void demoStaticMethod(){
// Can't use "this.demoVariable" or "this.demoNonStaticMethod()"
}
}