Stack Overflow Error in Recursive Function
A recursive function that is called with an input that requires too many iterations will cause the call stack to get too large, resulting in a stack overflow error. In these cases, it is more appropriate to use an iterative solution. A recursive solution is only suited for a problem that does not exceed a certain number of recursive calls.
For example, myfunction() below throws a stack overflow error when an input of 1000 is used.
def myfunction(n):
if n == 0:
return n
else:
return myfunction(n-1)
myfunction(1000) #results in stack overflow errorFibonacci Sequence
A Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical series of numbers such that each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers, starting from 0 and 1.
Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...Call Stack Construction in While Loop
A call stack with execution contexts can be constructed using a while loop, a list to represent the call stack and a dictionary to represent the execution contexts. This is useful to mimic the role of a call stack inside a recursive function.
Binary Search Tree
In Python, a binary search tree is a recursive data structure that makes sorted lists easier to search. Binary search trees:
- Reference two children at most per tree node.
- The “left” child of the tree must contain a value lesser than its parent.
- The “right” child of the tree must contain a value greater than it’s parent.
5
/ \
/ \
3 8
/ \ / \
2 4 7 9Recursion and Nested Lists
A nested list can be traversed and flattened using a recursive function. The base case evaluates an element in the list. If it is not another list, the single element is appended to a flat list. The recursive step calls the recursive function with the nested list element as input.
def flatten(mylist):
flatlist = []
for element in mylist:
if type(element) == list:
flatlist += flatten(element)
else:
flatlist += element
return flatlist
print(flatten(['a', ['b', ['c', ['d']], 'e'], 'f']))
# returns ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']Fibonacci Recursion
Computing the value of a Fibonacci number can be implemented using recursion. Given an input of index N, the recursive function has two base cases – when the index is zero or 1. The recursive function returns the sum of the index minus 1 and the index minus 2.
The Big-O runtime of the Fibonacci function is O(2^N).
def fibonacci(n):
if n <= 1:
return n
else:
return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)Modeling Recursion as Call Stack
One can model recursion as a call stack with execution contexts using a while loop and a Python list. When the base case is reached, print out the call stack list in a LIFO (last in first out) manner until the call stack is empty.
Using another while loop, iterate through the call stack list. Pop the last item off the list and add it to a variable to store the accumulative result.
Print the result.
def countdown(value):
call_stack = []
while value > 0 :
call_stack.append({"input":value})
print("Call Stack:",call_stack)
value -= 1
print("Base Case Reached")
while len(call_stack) != 0:
print("Popping {} from call stack".format(call_stack.pop()))
print("Call Stack:",call_stack)
countdown(4)
'''
Call Stack: [{'input': 4}]
Call Stack: [{'input': 4}, {'input': 3}]
Call Stack: [{'input': 4}, {'input': 3}, {'input': 2}]
Call Stack: [{'input': 4}, {'input': 3}, {'input': 2}, {'input': 1}]
Base Case Reached
Popping {'input': 1} from call stack
Call Stack: [{'input': 4}, {'input': 3}, {'input': 2}]
Popping {'input': 2} from call stack
Call Stack: [{'input': 4}, {'input': 3}]
Popping {'input': 3} from call stack
Call Stack: [{'input': 4}]
Popping {'input': 4} from call stack
Call Stack: []
'''Recursion in Python
In Python, a recursive function accepts an argument and includes a condition to check whether it matches the base case. A recursive function has:
- Base Case - a condition that evaluates the current input to stop the recursion from continuing.
- Recursive Step - one or more calls to the recursive function to bring the input closer to the base case.
def countdown(value):
if value <= 0: #base case
print("done")
else:
print(value)
countdown(value-1) #recursive case Build a Binary Search Tree
To build a binary search tree as a recursive algorithm do the following:
def build_bst(my_list):
if len(my_list) == 0:
return "No Child"
middle_index = len(my_list) // 2
middle_value = my_list[middle_index]
print("Middle index: {0}".format(middle_index))
print("Middle value: {0}".format(middle_value))
tree_node = {"data": middle_value}
tree_node["left_child"] = build_bst(my_list[ : middle_index])
tree_node["right_child"] = build_bst(my_list[middle_index + 1 : ])
return tree_node
sorted_list = [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]
binary_search_tree = build_bst(sorted_list)
print(binary_search_tree)Recursive Depth of Binary Search Tree
A binary search tree is a data structure that builds a sorted input list into two subtrees. The left child of the subtree contains a value that is less than the root of the tree. The right child of the subtree contains a value that is greater than the root of the tree.
A recursive function can be written to determine the depth of this tree.
def depth(tree):
if not tree:
return 0
left_depth = depth(tree["left_child"])
right_depth = depth(tree["right_child"])
return max(left_depth, right_depth) + 1Sum Digits with Recursion
Summing the digits of a number can be done recursively. For example:
def sum_digits(n):
if n <= 9:
return n
last_digit = n % 10
return sum_digits(n // 10) + last_digit
sum_digits(552) #returns 12Palindrome in Recursion
A palindrome is a word that can be read the same both ways - forward and backward. For example, abba is a palindrome and abc is not.
The solution to determine if a word is a palindrome can be implemented as a recursive function.
def is_palindrome(str):
if len(str) < 2:
return True
if str[0] != str[-1]:
return False
return is_palindrome(str[1:-1])Fibonacci Iterative Function
A Fibonacci sequence is made up adding two previous numbers beginning with 0 and 1. For example:
A function to compute the value of an index in the Fibonacci sequence, fibonacci(index) can be written as an iterative function.
def fibonacci(n):
if n < 0:
raise ValueError("Input 0 or greater only!")
fiblist = [0, 1]
for i in range(2,n+1):
fiblist.append(fiblist[i-1] + fiblist[i-2])
return fiblist[n]Recursive Multiplication
The multiplication of two numbers can be solved recursively as follows:
def multiplication(num1, num2):
if num1 == 0 or num2 == 0:
return 0
return num1 + multiplication(num1, num2 - 1)Iterative Function for Factorials
To compute the factorial of a number, multiply all the numbers sequentially from 1 to the number.
An example of an iterative function to compute a factorial is given below.
def factorial(n):
answer = 1
while n != 0:
answer *= n
n -= 1
return answerRecursively Find Minimum in List
We can use recursion to find the element with the minimum value in a list, as shown in the code below.
def find_min(my_list):
if len(my_list) == 0:
return None
if len(my_list) == 1:
return my_list[0]
#compare the first 2 elements
temp = my_list[0] if my_list[0] < my_list[1] else my_list[1]
my_list[1] = temp
return find_min(my_list[1:])
print(find_min([]) == None)
print(find_min([42, 17, 2, -1, 67]) == -1)