if Statement
An if statement executes a code block when its condition evaluates to true. If the condition is false, the code block does not execute.
var halloween = true
if halloween {
print("Trick or treat!")
}
// Prints: Trick or treat!
else Statement
An else statement is a partner to an if statement. When the condition for the if statement evaluates to false, the code within the body of the else will execute.
var turbulence = false
if turbulence {
print("Please stay seated.")
} else {
print("You may freely move around.")
}
// Prints: You may freely move around.else if Statement
An else if statement provides additional conditions to check for within a standard if/else statement. else if statements can be chained and exist only after an if statement and before an else.
var weather = "rainy"
if weather == "sunny" {
print("Grab some sunscreen")
} else if weather == "rainy" {
print("Grab an umbrella")
} else if weather == "snowing" {
print("Wear your snow boots")
} else {
print("Invalid weather")
}
// Prints: Grab an umbrellaComparison Operators
Comparison operators compare the values of two operands and return a Boolean result:
<less than>greater than<=less than or equal to>=greater than or equal to==equal to!=not equal to
5 > 1 // true
6 < 10 // true
2 >= 3 // false
3 <= 5 // true
"A" == "a" // false
"B" != "b" // trueTernary Conditional Operator
The ternary conditional operator, denoted by a ?, creates a shorter alternative to a standard if/else statement. It evaluates a single condition and if true, executes the code before the :. If the condition is false, the code following the : is executed.
var driverLicense = true
driverLicense ? print("Driver's Seat") : print("Passenger's Seat")
// Prints: Driver's Seatswitch Statement
The switch statement is a type of conditional used to check the value of an expression against multiple cases. A case executes when it matches the value of the expression. When there are no matches between the case statements and the expression, the default statement executes.
var secondaryColor = "green"
switch secondaryColor {
case "orange":
print("Mix of red and yellow")
case "green":
print("Mix of blue and yellow")
case "purple":
print("Mix of red and blue")
default:
print("This might not be a secondary color.")
}
// Prints: Mix of blue and yellowswitch Statement: Interval Matching
Intervals within a switch statement’s case provide a range of values that are checked against an expression.
let year = 1905
var artPeriod: String
switch year {
case 1860...1885:
artPeriod = "Impressionism"
case 1886...1910:
artPeriod = "Post Impressionism"
case 1912...1935:
artPeriod = "Expressionism"
default:
artPeriod = "Unknown"
}
// Prints: Post Impressionismswitch Statement: Compound Cases
A compound case within a switch statement is a single case that contains multiple values. These values are all checked against the switch statement’s expression and are separated by commas.
let service = "Seamless"
switch service {
case "Uber", "Lyft":
print("Travel")
case "DoorDash", "Seamless", "GrubHub":
print("Restaurant delivery")
case "Instacart", "FreshDirect":
print("Grocery delivery")
default:
print("Unknown service")
}
// Prints: Restaurant deliveryswitch Statement: where Clause
Within a switch statement, a where clause is used to test additional conditions against an expression.
let num = 7
switch num {
case let x where x % 2 == 0:
print("\(num) is even")
case let x where x % 2 == 1:
print("\(num) is odd")
default:
print("\(num) is invalid")
}
// Prints: 7 is oddLogical Operator !
The logical NOT operator, denoted by a !, is a prefix operator that negates the value on which it is prepended. It returns false when the original value is true and returns true when the original value is false.
!true // false
!false // true
Logical Operator &&
The logical AND operator, denoted by an &&, evaluates two operands and returns a Boolean result. It returns true when both operands are true and returns false when at least one operand is false.
true && true // true
true && false // false
false && true // false
false && false // falseLogical Operator ||
The logical OR operator, denoted by ||, evaluates two operands and returns a Boolean result. It returns false when both operands are false and returns true when at least one operand is true.
true || true // true
true || false // true
false || true // true
false || false // false
Combining Logical Operators
Logical operators can be chained in order to create more complex logical expressions.
When logical operators are chained, it’s important to note that the && operator has a higher precedence over the || operator and will get evaluated first.
!false && true || false // true
/*
!false && true evaluates first and returns true. Then, the expression, true || false evaluates and returns the final result, true.
*/
false || true && false // false
/*
true && false evaluates first which returns false. Then, the expression, false || false evaluates and returns the final result, false.
*/ Controlling Order of Execution
Within a Swift logical expression, parentheses, (), can be used to organize and control the flow of operations. The usage of parentheses within a logical expression overrides operator precedence rules and improves code readability.
// Without parentheses:
true || true && false || false // true
// With parentheses:
(true || true) && (false || false) // false