IO Systems
Interrupt Handler
The interrupt handler is a pool or queue of interrupts being sent to the CPU.
IO Software
The role of IO software is to receive signals from physical devices, interpret them, and then perform tasks accordingly through the operating system.
User-space vs. Kernel-space
The user-space is the place in memory in which user processes run. The kernel-space is the place in memory in which the kernel functions and manages system calls.
Kernel-space
The kernel-space is the place in memory where the kernel performs its functionality. The kernel manages the scheduling of tasks, buffering (storing data in memory when transferring between a computer and IO devices), spooling (holding output data for an IO device), and more.
IO Software Layers
IO software consists of the following layers:
- User-level IO software or user processes
- Device-independent software
- Device Drivers
- Interrupt handlers
- Hardware
Device Drivers IO Software
Device drivers are device-specific code that is added to a computer so that a device may interact with a computer.
Device Independent Software
Device independent software refers to the software components that handle functions that are not specific to any single IO device.
The Role of Operating Systems in IO Systems
The operating system is responsible for managing IO systems, the hardware and software necessary to handle input and output devices on a computer.
IO Devices
IO, or input/output, devices are physical, electronic devices that can receive and produce signals between a computer and the outside world.
Blocking
Blocking refers to the method in which an application stops all other execution and waits for the current IO request to be completely executed.
Non-blocking
Non-blocking refers to the method in which requests get placed into a queue when they are waiting for IO requests to be completed so that the CPU may allocate its resources to continue processing other requests.
Interrupts
Interrupts are a hardware mechanism that sends a signal to the CPU whenever an IO device needs the CPU’s attention
IO Device Categories
IO devices can be categorized into three categories:
- human-readable
- machine-readable
- communication
Device Drivers Definition
Driver devices provide support to both CPUs and IO devices so that they may communicate effectively with one another.
Types of Device Drivers
There are two types of device drivers:
- Kernel-mode drivers allow for basic functionality on a CPU. They even contribute to the start-up of an operating system when we turn on our computers.
- User-mode drivers are necessary when a user adds additional hardware to their computer which requires its own set of drivers that need to be installed.
DMA Controller
DMA controllers are hardware devices that allow IO devices to transfer data to/from memory while bypassing the CPU.
Memory-mapped IO
Memory-mapped IO allows for an IO device and the main memory of a computer to share address space in their transfer of data
Reading/Writing on IO Devices
The three methods used by IO devices to read/write data are the character method, block method, and network method.
- The character method of reading/writing data looks like a sequential series of bytes and each byte is accessed one at a time.- The block method of reading/writing data allows for random access as memory is designed to store data in blocks of a fixed size.- The network method of reading/writing data is designed to use different types of interfaces (such as a socket interface) to access multiple devices over a network.
