htmlentities()

The htmlentities() function converts characters to HTML entities. To convert HTML entities back to characters, use the html_entity_decode() function.

Syntax

htmlentities($string, $flags, encoding, double_encode)

The htmlentities() function has one required parameter and three optional parameters:

• $string: Required parameter that specifies the string to convert.

• $flags: Optional parameter that specifies how to handle quotes, invalid encoding, and the used document type. Ex: ENT_QUOTES | ENT_SUBSTITUTE | ENT_HTML5.

  • The available quote styles are:

  Constant Name	Description
  ENT_COMPAT	Default. htmlentities() function encodes only double quotes from $string
  ENT_QUOTES	htmlentities() function encodes double and single quotes from $string
  ENT_NOQUOTES	htmlentities() function does not encode any quotes from $string

  • Invalid encoding:

    Constant Name	Description
    ENT_IGNORE	htmlentities() function ignores invalid encoding instead of having the function return an empty string. Should be avoided, as it may have security
    ENT_SUBSTITUTE	htmlentities() function replaces invalid encoding for a specified character set with a Unicode Replacement Character U+FFFD (UTF-8) or &#FFFD; instead of returning an empty string.s
    ENT_DISALLOWED	htmlentities() function replaces code points that are invalid in the specified doctype with a Unicode Replacement Character U+FFFD (UTF-8) or &#FFFD;

  • Additional flags for specifying the used doctype:

    Constant Name	Description
    ENT_HTML5	htmlentities() function handles code as HTML 5
    ENT_XHTML	htmlentities() function handles code as XHTML

• $encoding: Optional argument defining the encoding used when converting characters. If omitted, $encoding defaults to the value of the default_charset configuration option. It is highly encouraged to specify the correct value for the code if the default_charset configuration option is set incorrectly for the given input.

  • Character sets that are supported:

    Charset	Aliases	Description
    ISO-8859-1	ISO8859-1	htmlentities() function works with Western European, Latin-1 charset.
    ISO-8859-15	ISO8859-15	htmlentities() function works with Western European, Latin-9. Adds the Euro sign, French and Finnish letters missing in Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1) charset.
    UTF-8		htmlentities() function works with ASCII compatible multi-byte 8-bit Unicode charset.
    cp866	ibm866, 866	htmlentities() function works with DOS-specific Cyrillic charset.
    cp1251	Windows-1251, win-1251, 1251	htmlentities() function works with Windows-specific Cyrillic charset.
    cp1252	Windows-1252, 1252	htmlentities() function works with Windows specific charset for Western European charset.
    MacRoman		htmlentities() function works with charset that was used by Mac OS.

    Note: Any other character sets are not recognized. The default encoding will be used instead and a warning will be emitted.

• $double_encode: Optional parameter that specifies whether to encode existing HTML entities. Defaults to TRUE and will convert all entities in the string. If set to FALSE, the function will not encode existing html entities.

Note: The htmlentities() function returns the converted $string. However, if the $string parameter contains invalid encoding, it will return an empty $string, unless either the ENT_IGNORE or ENT_SUBSTITUTE flags are set

Entities that will be encoded:

Example

The following example uses the htmlentities() function to convert special characters in the string "<b>Welcome!!!</b>;" to HTML entities:

<?php
  $str = "<b>Welcome!!!</b>";
  echo htmlentities($str);
?>

The example will result in the following HTML output (View Source):

<b>Welcome!!!</b>

The browser output of the code above will be:

<b>Welcome!!!</b>

Codebyte Example

This example is runnable and uses the htmlentities() function with various flags:

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