__str__()

The __str__() dunder method, also known as a magic method, returns a human-readable string representation of a class object. It can be called with the built-in str() and print() functions. Unlike __repr__(), it is not necessary that __str__() will return a valid Python expression.

In Python, objects can be represented as strings to make them more meaningful and easier to read. The __str__() method is one of Python’s special methods, also known as dunder methods (double underscore methods). It allows defining how an object should be converted to a string when used with str() function or when displayed using print(). This method is particularly helpful in debugging and logging purposes, as well as for providing user-friendly representations of custom objects.

Syntax

class ClassName:
  def __str__(self):
    # Return a string representation of the object
    return string

Parameters:

• self: An implicit reference to the instance of the class.

The __str__() method accepts no parameters other than the implicit self reference.

Return value:

It must return a string that represents the object in a human-readable format.

Difference between __str__() and __repr__()

The __str__() and __repr__() methods both return string representations of objects, but they serve different purposes:

• __str__(): Returns a human-readable, informal string representation intended for end users. It prioritizes readability over completeness.
• __repr__(): Returns an information-rich, official string representation intended for developers. Where possible, it should return a valid Python expression which can be used to recreate the object.

In general, __str__() is meant for users, while __repr__() is meant for developers. If a class defines __str__() but not __repr__(), the built-in object implementation calls __repr__() method instead when using the repr() function.

Example 1: Creating a Student Object

This example demonstrates how to implement the __str__() method in a class to provide a readable string representation of a student object:

class Student:
  def __init__(self, name, student_id, gpa):
    # Initialize student attributes
    self.name = name
    self.student_id = student_id
    self.gpa = gpa

  def __str__(self):
    # Return a readable string representation
    return f"Student: {self.name}, ID: {self.student_id}, GPA: {self.gpa}"

# Create a student object
student = Student("Alice Smith", 12345, 3.8)

# The __str__ method is called when printing the object
print(student)

# It's also called when using the str() function
print(str(student))

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Output generated by this code will be:

Student: Alice Smith, ID: 12345, GPA: 3.8
Student: Alice Smith, ID: 12345, GPA: 3.8

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In this example, the __str__() method formats the student’s information into a human-readable string. When the object is displayed or converted to a string, Python automatically calls the __str__() method.

Example 2: Product Inventory Display

This example shows how to implement __str__() in a product inventory system where there is a need to display product information in a readable format:

class Product:
  def __init__(self, name, price, quantity):
    # Initialize product attributes
    self.name = name
    self.price = price
    self.quantity = quantity

  def __str__(self):
    # Format product information as a readable string
    return f"{self.name} - ${self.price:.2f} (Quantity: {self.quantity})"

  def __repr__(self):
    # Developer-focused representation
    return f"Product('{self.name}', {self.price}, {self.quantity})"

# Create some products
laptop = Product("Laptop", 999.99, 10)
headphones = Product("Headphones", 59.99, 25)

# Display products using __str__
print("Available Products:")
print(laptop)
print(headphones)

# Compare with repr output
print("\nRepr Output:")
print(repr(laptop))
print(repr(headphones))

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Output of this code will look like:

Available Products:
Laptop - $999.99 (Quantity: 10)
Headphones - $59.99 (Quantity: 25)

Repr Output:
Product('Laptop', 999.99, 10)
Product('Headphones', 59.99, 25)

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This example demonstrates how __str__() provides a user-friendly format for displaying product information, while __repr__() gives a representation that could be used to recreate the objects programmatically.

Codebyte Example: Creating a Custom Book Class

This example demonstrates the implementation of __str__() for a Book class, allowing for intuitive string representation when displaying book information:

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This example demonstrates how the __str__() method provides a user-friendly representation of books, which is automatically used when printing the objects or when using the str() function.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Does print use __str__() or __repr__()?

The print() function uses __str__() if it’s defined. If __str__() is not defined, it falls back to using __repr__(). This behavior ensures that an object can always be printed, even if the developer has only defined one of these methods.

2. What is the difference between __str__() and __init__()?

The __init__() method is a constructor that initializes a new instance of a class with provided values. It runs when an object is created and sets up the object’s initial state. The __str__() method, on the other hand, defines how an object should be converted to a string when using functions like str() or print(). They serve entirely different purposes: __init__() for object creation and __str__() for string representation.

3. What happens if __str__() is not defined?

If a class doesn’t define the __str__() method, Python will use the __repr__() method instead when str() or print() is called on an instance of the class. If neither __str__() nor __repr__() is defined, Python will use the default implementation from the object class, which typically returns a string like <__main__.ClassName object at 0x7f042103f390> showing the class name and memory address.