Constraints

Constraints in SQL are the rules applied to the values of individual columns. They add information about how a column can be used after specifying the data type for a column. They can be used to tell the database to reject inserted data that does not adhere to a certain restriction.

Here are some of the constraints that can be set:

• PRIMARY KEY columns can be used to uniquely identify the row. Attempts to insert a row with an identical value to a row already in the table will result in a constraint violation which will not allow you to insert the new row.

• UNIQUE columns have a different value for every row. This is similar to PRIMARY KEY except a table can have many different UNIQUE columns.

• NOT NULL columns must have a value. Attempts to insert a row without a value for a NOT NULL column will result in a constraint violation and the new row will not be inserted.

• DEFAULT columns take an additional argument that will be the assumed value for an inserted row if the new row does not specify a value for that column.

Note: There can be only one PRIMARY KEY column per table, but there can be multiple UNIQUE columns.

The statement below sets constraints on the celebs table:

CREATE TABLE celebs (
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
  name TEXT UNIQUE,
  grade INTEGER NOT NULL,
  age INTEGER DEFAULT 10
);

• id column is the PRIMARY KEY.
• name column is UNIQUE.
• grade column is NOT NULL.
• age column has a DEFAULT of 10.